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    10/31/2006

    国士的镇魂曲——桃花扇

     

    孔尚任写桃花扇,结局是被免官。活到康熙年间的他,又怎么不知道自己写这剧本会有什么下场?免官只是最好的下场中的一种,但是总有一些情感,是作为文人有责任要记录下来的。

     

    首先选用侯方域为男主角,这件事情本身就充满了故国之悲,现实中侯方域最后也是和孔尚任一样投靠了清廷的,但是在剧本里,他是看破红尘出家了。这戏里戏外的差别,是一种血泪写成的精神寄托。

    戏中侯方域等人一开场的唱词就表明了立场,他们虽然是复社文人,但是其实并无什么爱国之心。

    “学六朝金粉模样,莺颠燕狂,关甚兴亡?大事已不可问,我辈且看春光。”

     

    虽然如此沉迷酒色,却还是要先加上一句:“大事已不可闻。”然后才能心安理得地去:“虽是客况不堪,却也春情难按。”

     

    这三月十九日,南京城满城喧哗,龙舟并,画桨分,吹箫打鼓入层云。水榭盛会,好一番热闹场面,看,灯船来也。

     

    与这边相比,另一边同是三月十九日,北京城崇祯自杀梅山。

    戏中对崇祯用唱词评价道:“十七年忧国如病,呼不应天灵祖灵,调不来亲兵救兵,白练无情,送君王一命,养文臣帷幄无谋,豢武夫疆场不猛;到今日山残水剩,对大江月明浪明,满楼头呼声哭声。”

     

    人们都公认,崇祯是个很努力的皇帝,然而努力不一定有效,也不一定是对的。

     

    看左良玉的唱词:“几个毛贼,何难剿灭。只可恨督师无人,叫俺一腔热血,报主无朝,你看中原豺虎乱如麻,都窥伺龙楼凤阙帝王家。正腾腾杀气,这军粮又早缺乏。慰三军没别法,许就粮喧声才罢,谁知俺一片葵倾向日花。”

     

    而不久以后的福王,则沉迷于酒色。戏中借李香君的口当面对福王唱道:“堂堂列公,半边南朝,望你峥嵘。出身希贵宠,创业选声容,後庭花又添几种。东林伯仲,俺青楼皆知敬重。干儿义子从新用,绝不了魏家种。”

     

    李香君已经拼出一死地当面痛斥,福王听了却丝毫不以为意,反而说道:“看这年小歌妓,美丽非常,粉面发红,赏她一柄桃花宫扇,遮掩春色。”

     

    这种情况,这种主公,左良玉,史可法焉能不死?

    史可法的唱词并未将他塑造成丹心一片,反而安排了他的反思:“扬州沸喧;生灵尽席卷,这屠戮皆因我愚忠不转。兵和将,力竭气喘。明朝三百年社稷,只靠俺一身撑持,累死英雄,道此日看江山换主,无可留恋。”

     

    一句同时包含正反两层意思的无可留恋和一句愚忠,说尽了亡国人的辛酸。

    明亡的根本原因,是只有少数人在“一身撑持”啊。

     

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